Evolución de la jurisdicción militar desde el antiguo régimen hasta la actualidad

Estudio sobre evolución de la Justicia Militar, pasando por las raíces romanas o visigodas; la hueste del Medievo; las Ordenanzas de los Austrias y los Borbones; los siglos XIX y XX, con la proliferación de los Códigos Militares o el uso de la Justicia Militar como arma represiva por las dictaduras militares; hasta la Justicia Militar democrática actual. Como objeto del presente Trabajo de Fin de Máster, analizaremos la evolución de jurisdicción militar desde su concepto y orígenes. Este análisis se realizará siempre desde un punto de vista histórico-jurídico de su respectiva época, haciendo referencia, en su caso, a los cambios que se iban dando tanto en la forma de organizar la tropa, o sus respectivas legislaciones, como en los cambios más generales, entendidos desde un punto de vista histórico. Por tanto, este trabajo no pretende ser ni un mero listado de las regulaciones militares desde una determinada época, siglos atrás, hasta los modernos Códigos Penales Militares, ni tampoco o quedarse en un análisis desde un punto de vista meramente histórico de cada una de estas regulaciones. El objeto de este Trabajo buscará siempre ese enfoque de análisis histórico-jurídico, de modo que se observe el peso y valor jurídico de cada uno de estos textos, contextualizado a la realidad histórica en la que vivió cada uno de ellos y en el que se pueda observar la evolución de estas regulaciones hasta la moderna Jurisdicción Militar y regulaciones de nuestros ejércitos. En concreto, nos detendremos en especial en las Ordenanzas y Códigos Penales Militares desde el siglo XIX hasta la actualidad, así como en sus principales y más característicos delitos tipificados o en la orientación que se les da a éstos según la época, pero no sin antes realizar, a modo de visión general, un repaso general en las raíces de esta Jurisdicción, que se hunden y arrancan en lo más profundo del Antiguo Régimen y del Medievo, analizando su concepto y evolución.Máster Universitario en Acceso a la Profesión de Abogado (M155

Diseño de nuevos fármacos y nuevas dianas frente al mycobacterium tuberculosis

La tuberculosis es, hoy día, una amenaza para la salud en todo el mundo. A medida que las cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis han ido surgiendo y se han transformado en cepas resistentes, el fracaso del tratamiento es con demasiada frecuencia un hecho, especialmente en aquellos países que carecen de la organización de atención médica necesaria para proporcionar el largo y costoso tratamiento. Debido a esta preocupación, esta enfermedad infecciosa ha sido el foco de interés científico en la última década. A pesar de los avances en la quimioterapia y la vacuna BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin), la tuberculosis sigue siendo una enfermedad infecciosa significativa. La capacidad de los bacilos de tuberculosis para causar infecciones latentes que son tolerantes con los fármacos usados actualmente, junto con la dosis inadecuada y los regímenes de tratamiento incompleto han llevado al aumento de la tuberculosis multirresistente (MDRTB). El tratamiento de las infecciones por MDR-TB es un reto clínico importante que tiene pocas soluciones viables o eficaces, por lo tanto, los pacientes tienen un mal pronóstico y años de tratamiento. La aparición creciente de la tuberculosis resistente a los fármacos y la infección por el VIH, que compromete la defensa del huésped y permite que la infección latente reactive o vuelva a los individuos más susceptibles a la tuberculosis, ponen en relieve la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos fármacos contra la tuberculosis activos contra las bacterias resistentes a los fármacos. Los recientes y novedosos desarrollos en el descubrimiento de fármacos para la tuberculosis con una dosificación más larga o que pueden reducir la duración del tratamiento muestran ser prometedores hacia una posible revolución en la quimioterapia de la tuberculosis

Development of environmental health competencies through compulsory education. A polyhedral approach based on the SDGs

This paper focuses on the competencies in environmental health acquired by students during compulsory education. Questionnaires addressing environmental health problems were completed by 923 students of primary and secondary schools from five different Spanish regions. The results for five challenging situations related to hunger, consumerism, climate change, pollution in the cities and allergies are analysed according to the internal coherence of each sub-competency, i.e., addressing knowledge, skills and attitudes towards these topics. Our results show that problems related to air and water pollution were the most commonly described by the students. Focusing on competency achievement, the higher the educational level, the higher the score students obtained, especially regarding pollution and climate change, two problems that appear directly in the school curriculum. The complexity of the concept of environmental health matches with the necessary holistic perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals in a polyhedral approach including as many factors (facets) as necessary to complete the approach to this evolving concept

Sandwich-type zeolite intergrowths with MFI and the novel extralarge pore IDM-1 as ordered end-members

Stacking faults are two-dimensional planar defects frequently arising in zeolites, modifying their properties and potentially affecting their performance in catalysis and separation applications. In classical zeolite intergrowths, a topologically unique zeolite layer may often pile up after some spatial transformation (lateral translation, rotation, and/or reflection) that may occur in different amounts or directions with about similar probabilities, leading to a difficult to control disorder. Here, we present a new kind of zeolite intergrowth that requires an additional topologically distinct layer rather than a spatial transformation of a unique one. Stacking of the so-called pentasil layers produces the well-known medium pore zeolite MFI. Intercalation in strict alternation of a topologically distinct second layer sandwiched between pentasil layers expands the structure to produce the new extra-large pore IDM-1. Stacking disorder modulates the structural expansion along the stacking direction. The disordered materials have been studied by simulation of the X-ray diffraction patterns using the program DIFFaX and by Cs-corrected high-resolution electron microscopy. We show that disorder does not occur at random but in extended domains and can be controlled all the way from MFI to IDM-1 by just varying the concentration of the synthesis mixture

Palladium doping of In2O3 towards a general and selective catalytic hydrogenation of amides to amines and alcohols

Herein, the first general heterogeneous catalytic protocol for the hydrogenation of primary, secondary and tertiary amides to their corresponding amines and alcohols is described. Advantageously, this catalytic protocol works under additive-free conditions and is compatible with the presence of aromatic rings, which are fully retained in the final products. This hydrogenative C–N bond cleavage methodology is catalyzed by a Pd-doped In2O3 catalyst prepared by a microwave hydrothermal-assisted method followed by calcination. This catalyst displays highly dispersed Pd2+ ionic species in the oxide matrix of In2O3 that have appeared to be essential for its high catalytic performance

Gold clusters immobilized by post-synthesis methods on thiol-containing SBA-15 mesoporous materials for the aerobic oxidation of cyclohexene: influence of light and hydroperoxide

Gold nanospecies produced by a historically inspired two-liquid phase system were immobilized on plate-like mesoporous silica, SBA-15, functionalized with mercaptopropyl groups by a post-synthesis method, and the resulting materials were tested in the oxidation of cyclohexene with molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure. The main purpose of this approach was to compare the physicochemical properties and catalytic performance of these materials with those of previously reported related materials functionalized by in situ methods during synthesis. In addition, catalytic tests under ambient lighting and darkness and also in the presence and absence of the initiator tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) were carried out. The samples were characterized by chemical analysis, N2 adsorption/desorption, TGA, SEM, HRTEM, UV-vis spectroscopy and XPS. Gold nanoclusters and isolated gold atoms but no AuNPs were found in the catalysts (0.31–2.69 wt.% of gold). The XPS shows that nearly 60% of the -SH groups (1.33 wt.% of S) were oxidized to sulphonic groups upon gold immobilization. The AuNCs and isolated gold atoms evolved in the the reaction medium to form AuNPs. The activity of the samples was lower than that of the catalysts supported on related S-bearing SBA-15 functionalized in situ, which was attributed to their different Au/S ratios, which in turn regulated the evolutionary process of the gold species during the reaction. The catalysts turned out to be inactive in darkness, which evidences that the cyclohexene oxidation carried out at ambient illumination is actually photocatalyzed by the AuNPs formed in situ during the reaction. The TBHP initiator is required to obtain the activity in order to counteract the inhibitors of cyclohexene auto-oxidation present in the commercial reagent. On the other hand, no major differences in the selectivity among the different catalysts and reactions were observed, with 2-cyclohexen-1-one and 2-cyclohexen-1-ol resulting from the allylic oxidation as main products (selectivity of (one + ol) ~80% at a conversion ≥ 35%; one/ol~2)

Beyond the H2/CO2 upper bound: one-step crystallization and separation of nano-sized ZIF-11 by centrifugation and its application in mixed matrix membranes

The synthesis of nano-sized ZIF-11 with an average size of 36 ± 6 nm is reported. This material has been named nano-zeolitic imidazolate framework-11 (nZIF-11). It has the same chemical composition and thermal stability and analogous H2 and CO2 adsorption properties to the conventional microcrystalline ZIF-11 (i.e. 1.9 ± 0.9 μm). nZIF-11 has been obtained following the centrifugation route, typically used for solid separation, as a fast new technique (pioneering for MOFs) for obtaining nanomaterials where the temperature, time and rotation speed can easily be controlled. Compared to the traditional synthesis consisting of stirring + separation, the reaction time was lowered from several hours to a few minutes when using this centrifugation synthesis technique. Employing the same reaction time (2, 5 or 10 min), micro-sized ZIF-11 was obtained using the traditional synthesis while nano-scale ZIF-11 was achieved only by using centrifugation synthesis. The small particle size obtained for nZIF-11 allowed the use of the wet MOF sample as a colloidal suspension stable in chloroform. This helped to prepare mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) by direct addition of the membrane polymer (polyimide Matrimid®) to the colloidal suspension, avoiding particle agglomeration resulting from drying. The MMMs were tested for H2/CO2 separation, improving the pure polymer membrane performance, with permeation values of 95.9 Barrer of H2 and a H2/CO2 separation selectivity of 4.4 at 35 °C. When measured at 200 °C, these values increased to 535 Barrer and 9.1.Financial support from the Spanish MINECO (MAT2013-40566-R, CTQ2012-31762, and RyC-2009-03913), the Aragón Government and the ESF is gratefully acknowledged. In addition, research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under grant agreement no. 608490, project M4CO2. Finally, the use of the Servicio General de Apoyo a la Investigación-SAI (Universidad de Zaragoza) is acknowledged

Stabilization of Nanoparticles Produced by Hydrogenation of Palladium–N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes on the Surface of Graphene and Implications in Catalysis

Palladium nanoparticles (NPs) have been obtained by decomposition of well-defined palladium complexes noncovalently anchored onto the surface of reduced graphene oxide. Morphological analysis by microscopy showed the presence of small palladium NPs homogeneously distributed on the support. Characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that palladium NPs contain Pd(2+) and Pd(0) oxidation states and the presence of N-heterocyclic carbene and bromo ligands. The catalytic properties of the NPs with and without the support have been evaluated in the hydrogenation of alkynes. Supported palladium NPs showed increased activity versus the nonsupported ones and could be recycled up to 10 times without the loss of catalytic activity. The composition of the palladium NPs is different for each catalytic cycle indicating a dynamic process and the formation of different catalytic active species. On the contrary, the unsupported palladium NPs showed limited activity caused by decomposition and could not be recycled. The role of the support has been investigated. The results indicate that the support influences the stability of palladium NPs

Validity of the Néel-Arrhenius model for highly anisotropic CoxFe3−xO4 nanoparticles

We report a systematic study on the structural and magnetic properties of CoxFe3−xO4 magnetic nanoparticles with sizes between 5 and 25 nm, prepared by thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 and Co(acac)2. The large magneto-crystalline anisotropy of the synthesized particles resulted in high blocking temperatures (42 K < TB < 345 K for 5 < d < 13 nm) and large coercive fields (HC ≈ 1600 kA/m for T = 5 K). The smallest particles (⟨d⟩=5 nm) revealed the existence of a magnetically hard, spin-disordered surface. The thermal dependence of static and dynamic magnetic properties of the whole series of samples could be explained within the Neel–Arrhenius relaxation framework by including the thermal dependence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K1(T), without the need of ad-hoc corrections. This approach, using the empirical Brükhatov-Kirensky relation, provided K1(0) values very similar to the bulk material from either static or dynamic magnetic measurements, as well as realistic values for the response times (τ0 ≈ 10−10s). Deviations from the bulk anisotropy values found for the smallest particles could be qualitatively explained based on Zener's relation between K1(T) and M(T).This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO, Project Nos. MAT2010-19326 and MAT2013-42551).Peer Reviewe

Competencias en salud ambiental de los jóvenes valencianos

En esta comunicación se presentan los resultados de un estudio desarrollado con jóvenes valencianos para conocer las competencias en salud ambiental que adquieren en su paso por la educación obligatoria. Para ello se elaboró un cuestionario, validado por un grupo de expertos y sometido a una prueba piloto. El cuestionario aborda su concepto de salud, así como las relaciones que son capaces de establecer entre la salud y el medio ambiente y plantea cinco problemas de salud ambiental. El cuestionario fue sometido a un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo, considerando tres variables: tipología del centro (rural o urbano), nivel educativo y género. Los resultados muestran que el alumnado al finalizar sus estudios obligatorios está lejos de relacionar el medio ambiente con la salud humana y no muestra predisposición a actuar ante los problemas ambientale